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Bundesliga officiating research findings
Analytics and intelligence, bias modeling for the 3rd team on the field.
This page lists 4 ranked Bundesliga officiating patterns from 1,282 games. Each finding includes confidence tiers, sample sizes, and links to methodology. Use it to review descriptive historical research, not predictions or betting advice.
This page summarizes historical referee patterns in Bundesliga games, including scoring, cards shown, and how often games finished above a fixed benchmark.
These are historical associations, not predictions. They do not show that an official caused the scoring or cards shown differences. Not betting advice.
- Seasons covered
- 2021–2026 (5 seasons)
- Games analyzed
- 1,282
- Referees included
- 28
- Last updated
- 2026-07-30T03:21:05.144Z
League context
- Avg combined score
- 2.8
goals per game
-0.1 vs prior season
- Avg cards shown
- 21.6
per game
- Benchmark threshold
- 2.9
goals combined
Fixed reference for over/under rate
Notable official patterns
Recent high-confidence patterns
- Robert Schröder
Scoring
Notable scoring bump
+0.5 GScoring delta vs avg
Games officiated by Robert Schröder have averaged 0.5 more combined goals than the league average.
- Tobias Reichel
Whistle
Heaviest cards ref
+2.1Whistle delta vs avg
Games officiated by Tobias Reichel have averaged 2.1 more cards shown than the league average.
- Dr. Felix Brych
Whistle
Lightest cards ref
-2.0Whistle delta vs avg
Games officiated by Dr. Felix Brych have averaged 2.0 fewer cards shown than the league average.
| # | Details | Official | Signal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Notable league deviation | 55 | 0.0% | -1.1 | 70.9% | ||
| 2 | Within typical league range | 56 | -9.4% | +1.3 | 53.6% | ||
| 3 | Within typical league range | 60 | -12.5% | -0.4 | 56.7% |
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