Every Bologna game grouped by individual referee. Over this sample Bologna are 65-41 (61.3%); each ref win rate below is compared to that team average.
#RefWin ratevs baselineClose gamesOpponent whistle volume minus team volume per game. Positive means your team is whistled less (or the opponent more), a favorable minors/flags edge.
How Bologna compares in one-goal matches vs the full sample. Based on verified match results.
Close games (≤1 goal margin)
108 of 157 games match this window
Avg combined goals
Close-match avg
2.4
Season avg
2.6
Pressure impact
-0.2
Avg cards
Close-match avg
26.6
Season avg
26.4
Pressure impact
+0.2
Over rate
Close-match avg
46.3%
Season avg
48.4%
Pressure impact
-2.1 pp
Over benchmark: 2.4 combined goals · Seasons: 2021-22, 2022-23, 2023-24, 2024-25, 2025-26 · 157 total games in sample
What am I looking at?
Individual refs: stats for one official across all Bologna games they worked, even with different partners.
Team baseline: Bologna went 65-41 (61.3%) across this sample. Ref win rates show how they compare to that team average.
Whistle differential: who gets called more. A positive number means opponents are whistled more often than Bologna.
Scores, fouls, cards, and referee assignments from ESPN (1569 games, 197 with sportsbook totals). Referee coverage only where ESPN lists gameInfo.officials (2021-22 onward); games without referee names are excluded entirely. football-data.co.uk I1 CSVs lack a Referee column and are not used. Matrix: 490/962 ref×team pairs with 3+ games. 331 games skipped (no official listed).
